In membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems, hollow fiber membranes play a crucial role in achieving high effluent quality. These structures provide a large surface area for microbial growth and optimally remove contaminants from wastewater. To enhance the performance of MBR systems, several strategies

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) utilized for wastewater treatment offer several advantages over traditional methods. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely preferred here due to their high mechanical strength, che